NAD+ Mechanism of Action
How NAD+ works: receptor targets, signalling pathways, and molecular profile.
Cellular Energy and DNA Repair
NAD+ is a coenzyme present in every living cell, acting as an electron carrier in mitochondrial ATP production and as a required substrate for sirtuin and PARP enzymes involved in DNA repair and cellular stress response. Because it is consumed continuously by these processes, cellular NAD+ pools decline measurably with age — the basis for interest in exogenous supplementation.
Delivery Routes
NAD+ is administered via IV infusion, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, or oral capsule. Oral bioavailability of intact NAD+ is limited, which is part of why IV and injectable routes are popular at wellness clinics — they bypass first-pass gut metabolism, though direct comparative bioavailability data across routes in humans is limited.