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VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) Mechanism of Action

How VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) works: receptor targets, signalling pathways, and molecular profile.

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Compiled from published research · Continuously updated

Broad Vasodilator and Immune Signal

VIP binds VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors distributed widely across the body — smooth muscle, immune cells, and the nervous system — producing vasodilation, bronchodilation, and smooth-muscle relaxation, alongside anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This broad receptor distribution is why VIP research spans cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune contexts rather than a single narrow application.

Neuroimmune Signaling

Beyond its vasoactive effects, VIP is studied for neuroimmune signaling — regulating cytokine production and immune cell activity in ways relevant to chronic inflammatory conditions. This has driven research interest in VIP for mold/biotoxin-illness and chronic inflammatory-response research protocols, though robust controlled human trial support for those specific applications is limited.

References

  1. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in man: pharmacokinetics, metabolic and circulatory effects
All VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) sections

Thymosin Alpha-1

longevity & healthspanAgrade

A 28-amino-acid thymic peptide approved in 35+ countries as Zadaxin for immune support — but never FDA-approved in the United States.

Oxytocin

longevity & healthspanBgrade

A naturally occurring nonapeptide — FDA-approved as Pitocin for labor, and separately studied off-label (intranasal) for social bonding and stress research.

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

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A mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide, FDA-approved in September 2025 for Barth syndrome — a real approval in one narrow rare disease, not a general muscle or longevity drug.

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